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B. F. GROAT. ONTROLLING THE SURFACE TRANSPO APPucmon min uic. 12'. mr.

RTIVHY 0F STREAMS, 6m.

METHOD or Mm MEANS ron c 1,314,743.

Patented sept. 2,1919.

3 SHEETS-SHEET I.

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u?? o rn eys B. F. GRAT. METHOD 0F AND MEANS FOR CONTROLLING THE SURFACETRANSPORTIVITY 0F STREAMS, c.

APPLICATION FILED 0EC12, 1911. Patented Sept. 2,1919.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

5.6mm. l H CONTROLLING THE SURFACE TBANSPORTIVITY 0F STREAMS, Gle.

PPLTCTTON FILED DEC- T2, lgl. 1,314,743. PatentedSept. 2, 1919. 4 v 3SHEETS-SHEET 3 METHOD 0F AND MEANS F0 Invervov UNITED STATES PATENTOFFICE.

nnNJmnI rELmn oscar, or PI-rrsntr'non, PENNSYLVANIA. Y

Immun or .um mams ron. comizonnnm THE scannen 'mmsronrrvm ois'- i Smm,M.

To all 'whom it may concern Bev it known that I, BENJAMIN FELAND GRoAT,a citizen of the United States, resid` ing at Pittsburgh, in the countyof Allegheny and State of Pennstylvania, have invented certain new. anduse ul Improvements in Methods of'and Means for Controlling the SurfaceTransportivity of Streams, 8vo.; and I hereby declare that thefollowingl is a full, clear, and exact description thereof, referencebeing had to the accompanying drawings which form part of thisspecifica. tion.

This invention includes both a novel method of and novel means forcontrolling the surface How of water or Huid in rivers, streams, soundsand canals so as to prevent the same becoming clogged, i jammed ordisadvantageously aifected'by ice, wood, or other materials which Heatupon or are suspended in face of the water or lfluid. i

The principal objects of the invention are first, to insure the desiredsurface velocity of the water at any point orpoints,.so as to carry awayandprevent clogging or jamming of the loatage. Second, to revent theoatage being carried into any ateral duct, such as a` canal or raceleading romrthe stream or river by so controlling the surface current ofthe water at themouth or intake of the canal that the iloatage will bedirected away from the canal and past the 4mouth thereof and not bepermitted to. enter into yals the same; and third, to provide a novelmethod and means whereby sub-surface water may be diverted intov thecanal beneath the surface or part of themain stream carrying theiloatage, so-that no floatage will becarried into such steam. Y s

For sake of brevity in thevfollowing explanation, I will refer to allmaterials such as ice, wood and the like usually carried on or Anear thesurface Aof the water as floatage. I will refer to the main body ofthewater, the flow of which is to'be directed, as a stream, and to thelateral flow of such water or conduit as a canal; and the word fluid maybe substituted for the word water,

as my invention may be applied to any channels conveying a fluidcontaining floatage under circumstances anywise analogousto thosehereinafter referred to. The terms v Specication of Letters Patent. i

Application mea December 1a. 1917. semi m.

loatage, such asor near the sur# the places in Patented sept. 2, 1919.200.793.

iloatage, stream, water are to be understood as being general and notdefinitive terms.

I will explain certain specific utilizations y of the inventionhereafter to enable others skilled in' the art to adapt and use thesame, and to facilitate an understandin thereof will refer toxtheaccompanying rawin which conventionall illustrate some ,app ilcationsthereof, van the essential features of the invention for whichprotection is deslred are summarized in the claims.

In said drawings: i

illustrates how the Figure 1 conventionall invention may be appliedv toastream to prevent accumulation or jamming of oatage at a portionthereof where such` jamming is apt to occur.

Fig. 2 is a sectional elevation on the` line 2 2, Fig. 1.

Fig. is a sectional elevation on the line lFig. 5 cfinventionallyillustrates another Fig. 3 conventionally illustrates a streamarrangement according to my invention for preventing oatage entering acanal.

Fig. 5. 4 y

Fig. 6 is a sectional elevation on the line 6 6, Fig. 5.

Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10 and I1 are detail views illustrating the variousmethods of forming the ridges or channels inthe stream for maintainingor accelerating the surface flow thereof at points desired. e

The method consists essentially in direct-` ing and acceleratlng themotion' of the water at and near the surface thereof so that thefloatage will be carriedaway from which jams, or congestions thereof arelikely to occur, tllus producing transporting surface currents capableof carrying the Hoatage away from places where it is not wanted. l

Jams of floatage, such ,as ice, wood, lumber queiit y occur in reaches,or pools of streams where the 'loatage enters the pool in greaterquantity than can be transported away by F g. `5 is a detail section online 12-12 i ass, dead bodies, or other dbris fre- 1 the outilowingsurfacev curia-mts,r and my` i11- deep pool from above and dischargingthrough a nar-` vention can -be advantageously usedin such case asfollows:

Referrin to Fig. l, 1 .desi ates a large ed by `a widebut s 'allowstream 'row and deep outlet 2 of relatively -large sectional area.Underthese circumstances, during winter, ice may be fed into the pool ata very rapid rate while the outlet 2 being insuliicient to discharge it,an ice results. e

The capacity of thestream to discharge matter at or near its surfacedepends primarily, though not entirely, upon the in' tensity and extentof the surface currents at the particular placeinvolved. The product ofthe width and mean surface 've ocity of the steam at the place will bea. more or Yless exact measure ofv said capacity, which,

for brevity, I will herein call surface transportivity of the stream.

One very simple application of my method consists in -reducing theeffective depth of such narrow and deep outlet 2 in order to increasethe. surface transportivity or flow suiciently to carry olf the fioatageand prevent the formation of a jam at such outlet. When saidtransportivity is greater above than below the pool a jam may occur ator near the outlet when there-isa sutliciently rapid supply of oatingmaterials; The desired increase of surface transportivity may beattained by raising the average elevation of the bed ofthe stream in andad'acent the outlet 2, as b forming the sub-sur ace ridge or submer darn8, or several such ridges, or dams 8, extending transversel1 across, orpartially across, the channe of the stream, or at any suitable angle, orangles relative to the general direction of flow.

Said ridges 8 `may extend partially or wholly across said channel, ascircumstances may require, and they may or may not be parallel one withanotherand may or may not rise to the same elevation. The surfacetransportivity may also be augmented by widening the outlet. atthe sametime reducing its eiiective depth, as aforesaid, by ridges or damsbelow-th`e surface of the water therein. ,i

These sub-surface ridgesV or dams may be constructed of ,excavatedmaterial, or of sheet metal, sheeting, metal sheet piling, sheet piling,concrete piling, and or nary timber piling. In other cases earth,timber, stone, masonry 'or concrete may be employed.` Some forms of suchrid or dams are indicated in Figs. 7 to 11, erein'after referred to.

A very important application of my invention is in connection with thediversion ofy water from the stream into a canal or race leadin from thestream to a plant or eli point of utilization of a water supply, wherethe intake of the canal lmust be protected V,from iloatage, and myinvention enables the 'surface trans ortivity of the main stream, orcanal, or oth, to be so controlled as to 4impel all yor at least thegreater portion 'of the surface' water in the. stream, past the down themain channel, but it is intended Y that all or at least the greaterportion of the Water surface in the stream must move down stream in themain channel without being diverted into `he canal. Such utilizations ofthe invention are illustrated in Figs. B to 6.

As shown in Fig. 3 the intake of the canal 5 is located at a bendYeither natural or artificially formed for the purpose in the `stream 6so that the surface How of the current is slightly away from the mouthof the canal. In such case I form in the bed of the stream adjacent themouth of the canal and extending toward ythe intake thereof, a seriesof' dams or channels and ridges, which are so formed as to maintain orincrease the surface transport'ivit or iow of the water in the streampast t e intake of the canal and suficiently away from the intake toinsure that the oatage will not enter the 'intake of the canal, but willpass the same.

The channels and ridges 8 may be formed in lvarious ways: dredged intoor built upon the original bed, or upon a lower level after excavatingthe bed of the main stream in a Vtransverse or The channels may beoblique direction at an lsuitable angle with reference to the ,directionof the main current, and leading toward or into the entranceto thedivergent canal and if the channels are made by dredging the originalriver bed the ri the portions left tween the channels as indicatedin.Fig. 7; and if desiredltheexcavated soil from the channels may bepiled upon the ridges 8 as indicated at 8B 1n Fig. 8, thus,` increasingthe height of ridges and also the depth of the channels. Where dred ingis not convenient or de- .sirable the rldges might be formed b suitablepiles driven or sunk close toget er, as indicated at 8 in Fig. 9; andthe spaces 7" between the rows of piles form the channels. The body ofwater in the channelsW between the rows of piling 8h has no bodily vmovement down stream, but can-flow. lates 8 can. be formed by' 1Q. "lfit is not desirable to .excavate the bottom the ridges might be formedbycribs 8 of any suitable kind, see Fig. 11, which cribs may be lilledwith rock and the s aces 7 between the cribs correspond to t e channels.K l 'i In all cases the" channels andA ridges should besuflciently'below the surface of the Water not to interfere with the oatand sufficiently extensive to insure that, t e

' surface transportivity shall be increased or the desired control ofthesurface currents and ridges are employed in making a: subacceleratedto such anextent as will insure and therefore of the iloatage. I

When several of the transverse channels canal through the transverseoroblique- `channels as the main" current flows over them. In some casesitma desirable to build different ridges to iferent elevations tocontrol the' How of water and floatage even though no subsurfacediversion is made.

Referring to Figs. 3 and 5, it is evident that water must flow vfrom themain stream 'to the canal if water is being withdrawn through the canal.This will cause a tendency, greater or less in amount, of all parts ofthe water in the main channel and the.

transverse, or diversion, channelsto flow toward the canal, since thewater taken from the canal would naturally cause a. fall of the watersurface within the canal, at the canal intake, and this would cause adive'rsion of water from the main stream into and through the diversionchannels toward and into the intake of the canal.

But the ridge of ridges 8 cause the surface water in the main stream toflow rapidly down the main channel while the water in the submergedtransverse, or oblique diversion channels between-the ridges and belowtheir crests can 'low with facility only in the dlirection of or towardthe intake of the cana If the widths of the stream and intake o f canal,the elevations of the crests of the ridges, the depths of the transversechannels and the geographical configuration inthe vicinity of the intakehave received proper attention and are Yproperly designed and arranged,the surface current in the main stream will not be impelled toward theintake sufficiently to canse any of the water at the surface to moveinto the intakey and down the canal while it is lat the surface.

My invention also contemplates the uses of jettie's, dkes, wing dams orother structures which can be employed for the purpose of Vdelectingwater or reducing the efectiva widths of channels when they are toowide. Such jetties or the like when employed inrcombination with mysub-surface c annels orridges for controlling the iiow of streams forthe purposes specified forma part of myinyentlon.

When the coniiguration of the shores and ground in the vicinity of theintake is unfavorable and requires it, a jetty, or like structure,indicated at 10 in Fig. 5 may be built so as to project into the mainstream from ,the shoreadjacent the upstream side of the intake, for thepurpose of deecting the water in thestreamaway from the intakeandpreventing aflowvv of the surface water from the upstream side into theintake, notwithstanding that it is intended to make the sub-surfacediversion to avoid said sur.

face flow into the intake. Suchjetties assist the subsurface diversionby, decreasing the width of the main stream .so as to increase thevelocity of the main current and by increasing the curvature of the maincurrents on account of the deiiection produced so as to increase theressure toward the divergent canal upon t e portions of water at andnear the bottom ofthe stream. The wing or jetty 10 may be provided attop with aprojecting flange or overhanging portion 10 on its instreamside for holding ture and directing it away frein the eddy that usuallyformsin water at the down stream extremity of a jetty or wing; thisoverhang is more clearly shown in Fig. 5.

- In some cases where the s ub-surface channels are used so as to directthe water from beneath the surface of the stream into the canal, asabovedescribed, the mouth of the canal may be narrowed by a wing dam asindicated at 11 in Fig. 5, so that suiicient water may be supplied tothe canal through :of the water past the intake of the`canal andconcentrates the How over the diversion elements, ,thus reducing theamount and cost of construction.

By my invention the water is so controlled at the intake of the canaland in the main stream in the vicinity of the intake that nov surfacewater, and therefore no iloatage will enter the canal from the mainstream. With sufcient channels and dams the surface iceaway from thecentral portion of the struc? ins 1o r making whatI call asub-'surfacediversion the `intake 'into the main stream, the canal 5receiving a suiicient supply of water from the sub-surface channelsorunder part of the main stream to take care ofthe combined requirementsof. the canaly and the return currents at the intake. This eiect canproduced with more or less intensity by of water to the canal from theAlower portions of the main stream in greater amount than would benecessary simply to supply result i 15 the water required for thecanal.. The

-of this is that the excess waterdiverted' subsuperiicially causes acounter, or compensating surface current iiowing outwardly from theintake into the main' stream.

1. The method oficotrollingthe surfaceV transportivity of streams,consisting in altering the depth of the stream-by a subsurface structureadjacent the point where 2 5 change in its surface ytransportivity isdesired.

2. The method of controlling the surface' transpoitivity of a stream,consisting in locating -an angularly i disposed structure below thesurface of the water adjacent the point rwhere it isdesired to changethe suriface transportivity.

. 3. The method of controlling' the surface transportivityof streams,consisting informing below the surface of the streams adj acent ridgesdisposed at any angles to the line of flow of the stream.

4. The herein described method ofipreventing doatage collecting instreams, cn-f to increase the velocity of the surface water of thestream to insure carrying the loatage past such oint.

5. The crei venting floatage collecting in. streams,v consisting inplacing submerged structures` m the streams at the points where it aisdesired of the stream sufficiently to insure carrying the .ioatage pastsuch tgoin 6. The herein descri' venting accumulationof fioatagestreams, consisting in forming in the streams a series of submergedridges or dams and successively increasin in height down stream.

n7. In the art o diverting water from a main stream into the intake of adivergent water way tolsecure water free fromloatage, the'method whichconsists in causing a layer of water next the surface' of the mainstream to flow in a curved path concave in a horizontal direction towardthe place where the 66 diversion" is to be made, simultaneouslyalativeso that at the.

the desired point 'a plurality of adjacent described nchod of pre'.

to increase the'velocity of the surface watert ed method'of pnelowingthe potential therebyI produced to g force water out of the lowerportions of the main stream into the intake of the divergent water way,substantially as and for the pur herein described. 70

8. ,The method 4of diverting water from a stream into a canal,consisting in providing a channel at anl angle to the line of iiow ofthe stream and below the surface of the stream, whereby water isdirected from the 7'5 lower portion of the stream into the intake of thecanal.

consistingin 'forming a transverse or ob- -85 lique channel in the bedof. the river extend` ing toward th'e intake of the canal.

10. The 4herein described method of preventing oata entering the intakeof Va canal connec -with a stream; consist` in providing a plurality ofsubmerged ri ges 1n the stream adjacent the intake to increase thevelocity4v of the surface water of the stream and `carry Y the ioatagepast -swch intake. .1 i

'11. The method of makinga sub-surface diversion of water from a streaminto a canal leading therefrom, whereby water is direct ed into thecanal below the water level while I the surface water in the streamandinlet to the canal is diverted away from the inlet and on down themain stream; consisting in forming al plurality of transversealternating channels and ridges in the of the river extending toward theintake of the `venting floatage entering the intake of a Y canalyconnected with asti-cani; consisting in providing a plurality ofsubmerged alternate ridges and channels in the stream adjacent theintake to increase the velocity of the surface water of the streamsuiiiciently;- to carry the ioa to divert suilicient water from the'stream, below its surface, into thecanalto supply `the latter. y 13.Means for Vcontrollin 'subaqueously the surface transportivity o astream, con- 12e'.

sisting of an appro riate number of subaqueous ridges forxmn suitableelevations of parts of the bed of t e stream, each lying in a directionat an angle with the current.

14. Swbaqueous means. for controlling simultaneously thetransportivitie's of a main stream and diverting channel in the vicinityofjthe intake of the diverting stream, consisting of a suitable numberof channels bordered by marginal banks of e past such intake, and 116lsuitable elevations formed in the bed of the main stream andconstituting a subwqueous waterway below the ow of the current in themain stream and leading toward the divertin stream, whereby wateris-madc to iiow sosuperficially into the diverting channel while surfacewater in the main stream, with any floatageV therein, is diverted awayfrom the entrance to the diverting stream and on down the main stream.

15. Means for making my subsurface diversion of fwater from a mainstream into a channel leading therefrom, whereby water is made to ilowinto the divergent channel considera-bly below the Water surface, whilethe surface water .in the vicinity of the entrance to the divertingchannel, with any lioatage therein, is diverted on down the mainstream;consisting of a subaqueous waterway formed Iby an yappropriate number ofsubaqueous ridges of suitable elevations upon the bed of the main streamand leading toward the diverting channel.

16. Means for diverting water from a stream to a canalleadingrtherefrom, comprising a plurality of channels of suitable depthsdisposed at an angle to the line of flow of the stream adjacent theintake of the canal and below the surface of the stream, whereby water'is taken from the lower portions of the stream into the intake of thecanal.

1-7. Means for diverting water from a stream to a canal leadingtherefrom, comprising a lurality of alternate rid es and channelsdjisposed at angles to the ines of flow of the stream adjacent theintake of the canal and below the surface of the stream, whereby wateris taken from the lower portions of the stream into the intake of thecanal, and entry of oatageinto the intake of the canal is prevented.

1 8. Means for making a sub-surface diversion of water ifrom a streaminto a canal leading therefrom, whereby water is directed into the canalbelow the water level while the surface water in the stream and intaketo the canal is diverted away from the intake to the canal and on downthe main stream; comprising a. plurality of alternatin submergedchannels and ridges arra transversely to the stream and exten in towardthe intake of the canal; and suita le wing dams adjacent the intake.

19. Means for preventing the entrance of 55 oatage into canals connectedwith streams, ,consisting in forming in the stream a series of submergedalternating ridges and channels disposed at angles to the How of themain lstream to increase the surface flow of the water at such pointpast the mouth of the canal and to direct water beneath the surface ofthe stream into the intake of the canal.

In testimony that I claim the foregoing as my own, I aix my signature.

BENJAMIN FELAND GROAT.

It is hereby certified that in Letters Patent No. 1,314,743, grantedSeptember 2,

1919, upon the application of Benjamin Feland Great, of Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania.,

for an improvement in Methods of and Means for Controlling the SurfaceTransportivity o Streams, &c., an error appears in the printedspecification requiring correction as follows: Page 2, line 114, for theword soilb read spoil; and that the said Let-ters Patent should be readwith this correction therein that the same may conform to the record ofthe cese in the Patent Office.A

Signed and sealed this 7th day of October, A. D., 1919.

{SEAL} M. H. COULSTON,

Acting Commissioner of Patents. Cl. 61-2.

